Skip to content

References

A maintained structure for recording bibliographic sources and per-concept attribution for HiTOP labels and definitions.

Applies to · Version 0.1.0 · ontology/hitop.rdf

1. Purpose

Each concept class in ontology/hitop.rdf has an rdfs:label, a definition (obo:iaoIAO_0000115 or rdfs:comment), and optionally a skos:changeNote. This document defines how the corresponding literature source and attribution review are recorded consistently for every core HiTOP concept.

2. Scope

This document covers:

  • Literature sources for concept labels and definitions in the core ontology (Superspectrum, Spectrum, Subfactor, Component, and Trait).

This document does not cover:

  • Mapping evidence for manifestation suffixes. That belongs in the maintained mapping and harmonization specification.
  • Provenance for an individual factorization, such as the source of a concrete hierarchy. That belongs in its factorizations/<factorization-id>/v<N>/README.md.

3. Structure: two linked parts

The document consists of two linked tables:

  • Part A lists every cited source exactly once with a stable short key (citation_key).
  • Part B assigns one or more citation_key values from Part A to each HiTOP code.

A source is never written out in full in Part B; only its key is used there. This prevents the same source from being cited in slightly different forms.

4. Part A — Bibliography

Field Required Meaning
citation_key Yes Stable lowercase key in the form <first-author><year>, for example kotov2017; append a, b, and so on for multiple sources by the same author in the same year
Full reference Yes Complete Vancouver-style reference (authors, title, journal, year, volume, pages), matching the target Journal of Biomedical Semantics format
DOI/URL When available Persistent link; use a stable URL if no DOI exists, or - if neither exists; do not leave the field blank
Coverage Yes One sentence describing what the source covers, such as the complete model or an update to the Internalizing spectrum

Each entry was verified against its DOI registry (Crossref or DataCite) or, for the working model, the publisher page:

citation_key Full reference DOI/URL Coverage
kotov2017 Kotov R, Krueger RF, Watson D, Achenbach TM, Althoff RR, Bagby RM, et al. The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): a dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. J Abnorm Psychol. 2017;126(4):454-77. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000258 Founding description of the complete HiTOP model and its hierarchical levels.
kotov2020 Kotov R, Jonas KG, Carpenter WT, Dretsch MN, Eaton NR, Forbes MK, et al. Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): I. Psychosis superspectrum. World Psychiatry. 2020;19(2):151-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20730 Psychosis superspectrum (thought disorder and detachment spectra); source of factorization V10749.
krueger2021 Krueger RF, Hobbs KA, Conway CC, Dick DM, Dretsch MN, Eaton NR, et al. Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): II. Externalizing superspectrum. World Psychiatry. 2021;20(2):171-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20844 Externalizing superspectrum (disinhibited and antagonistic externalizing); source of factorization V108kx.
watson2022 Watson D, Levin-Aspenson HF, Waszczuk MA, Conway CC, Dalgleish T, Dretsch MN, et al. Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): III. Emotional dysfunction superspectrum. World Psychiatry. 2022;21(1):26-54. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20943 Emotional dysfunction superspectrum (internalizing, somatoform, eating pathology, sexual problems, mania); source of factorization V106mv.
kerber2024 Kerber A, Ehrenthal JC, Zimmermann J, Remmers C, Nolte T, Wendt LP, et al. Examining the role of personality functioning in a hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology using two years of ambulatory assessed data. Transl Psychiatry. 2024;14(1):340. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-03046-z Empirical bass-ackwards structure; source of factorization V10bak.
woelke2025 Woelke M, Foerstner BR, Rapp MA, Böttger SJ, Heinen-Stach D, Tschorn M. DZPG Minimum Data Set (MDS) [Internet]. OSF; 2025 [updated 2025 Oct 21; cited 2026 Nov 2]. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EC9HS DZPG Minimum Data Set; source of factorization V10dzp.
hitop_wm HiTOP Consortium. Current model [Internet]. Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology; [cited 2026 Oct 23]. https://www.hitop-system.org/current-model Current HiTOP working model; source of factorization V1052k and of most core labels.

5. Part B — Source attribution by concept

Field Required Meaning
HiTOP code Yes hitop_base_code from ontology/hitop.rdf, for example S0013h
Label Yes Current class rdfs:label, included for quick comparison without opening the RDF file
citation_key(s) Yes One or more comma-separated keys from Part A; at least one is required unless status: pending
Section/page No Optional section, table, or page in the source where the concept is defined
Note No For example, a label adapted from the source or a paraphrased definition
status Yes One of reviewed, draft, pending, or excluded; an excluded structural concept requires a reason in Note
reviewed by When status: reviewed Name or initials of the person who verified the attribution
Date When status: reviewed Review date in YYYY-MM-DD format

The table mirrors the classes in ontology/hitop.rdf; HiTOP code and Label are copied from that source. Structural schema classes may use status: excluded with a reason because they are not domain-specific HiTOP concepts. Use status: pending until an attribution has been verified, and regenerate the table whenever classes are added to or removed from the ontology.

HiTOP code Label citation_key(s) Section/page Note status reviewed by Date
0004KV Version Structural schema class (factorization version), not a domain-specific HiTOP concept excluded
C001qy Conversion hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model; partial overlap only in: emotional-dysfunction ("Neurological") draft
C00217 Somatization hitop_wm, kotov2017, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, dzpg-mds draft
C0033z Malaise hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction draft
C00416 Head Pain hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
C005Sv Gastrointestinal hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction draft
C006MD Cognitive hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
C00JTU Interactive anxiety hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
C00KL0 Performance anxiety hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
C00LqY Public places hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
C00Mpl Enclosed spaces hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
C00N4I Animal phobia hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards draft
C00OuR Situational phobia hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards draft
C00Pjp Blood-injection-injury hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards draft
C00Q1t Physiological panic hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds; partial overlap only in: emotional-dysfunction ("Cardiopulmonary"), emotional-dysfunction ("Physiological anxiety") draft
C00RGy Psychological panic hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds; partial overlap only in: emotional-dysfunction ("Anxiety sensitivity") draft
C00S9m Cleaning hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction draft
C00TgL Rituals hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction draft
C00Urw Checking hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction draft
C00VHv Dysphoria hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
C00WJc Lassitude hitop_wm, kotov2017, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
C00XyI Anhedonia (Component) hitop_wm, kotov2017, kerber2024 Identity in: working-model, bass-ackwards draft
C00Y8j Insomnia hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards draft
C00ZyP Suicidality hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction draft
C00aMF Agitation hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
C00bEx Retardation hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
C00cSn Appetite loss hitop_wm, kotov2017, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, dzpg-mds draft
C00dc1 Appetite gain hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
C00e0L (low) Wellbeing hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model; partial overlap only in: dzpg-mds ("Low self esteem") draft
C00fKQ Generalized anxiety disorder symptoms hitop_wm, kotov2017, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
C00gvD Re-experiencing hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
C00hPJ Avoidance hitop_wm, kotov2017, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, dzpg-mds draft
C00iAh Hyperarousal hitop_wm, kotov2017, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, dzpg-mds draft
C00jw5 Numbing hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
C00kEN Dissociation hitop_wm, kotov2017, kotov2020, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, psychosis, dzpg-mds draft
C00l5y Irritability hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, dzpg-mds draft
C00mpe Pure obsessions hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards; partial overlap only in: dzpg-mds ("OCD") draft
C00nyb Euphoric activation hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction draft
C00oKM Hyperactive cognition hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction draft
C00pnZ Reckless overconfidence hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction draft
C00qSD Psychotic hitop_wm, kotov2017, kotov2020, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, psychosis, dzpg-mds draft
C00rnS Disorganized hitop_wm, kotov2017, kotov2020 Identity in: working-model, psychosis draft
C00sWr Inexpressivity hitop_wm, kotov2017, kotov2020 Identity in: working-model, psychosis draft
C00tUQ Avolition hitop_wm, kotov2017, kotov2020 Identity in: working-model, psychosis draft
C01DAb Alcohol use hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
C01Elz Alcohol problems hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021 Identity in: working-model, externalizing draft
C01FDy Marijuana use hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, kerber2024 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, bass-ackwards draft
C01GEY Marijuana problems hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021 Identity in: working-model, externalizing draft
C01HGq Drug use hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds; partial overlap only in: dzpg-mds ("Smoking") draft
C01Ip4 Drug problems hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, dzpg-mds draft
C01JH8 Physical aggression hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, dzpg-mds draft
C01KXo Destructive aggression hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, dzpg-mds draft
C01LSp Relational aggression hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, dzpg-mds draft
C01MjB Fraud hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021 Identity in: working-model, externalizing draft
C01i7x Pain watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction draft
C01jKN Fatigue watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction draft
C01kKJ Behavioral avoidance watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction draft
C01l9M Body dissatisfaction watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction; partial overlap only in: bass-ackwards ("ED Thoughts") draft
C01mPz Binge eating watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction; partial overlap only in: bass-ackwards ("ED Bulimic"), dzpg-mds ("ED Bulimic") draft
C01nVp Cognitive restraint watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction draft
C01oMk Purging watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction draft
C01pc6 Excessive exercise watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction draft
C01qTa Restricting watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction; partial overlap only in: bass-ackwards ("ED Anorectic"), dzpg-mds ("ED Anorectic") draft
C01rfi Muscle building watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction draft
C01s9T Negative attitudes toward obesity watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction draft
C01tAk Low sexual desire watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction draft
C01ueZ Difficulties with arousal watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction draft
C01vT5 Low orgasmic function watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction draft
C01wSl Sex-related distress watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction draft
C01xzj Decreased need for sleep watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction draft
C01yno Health/Illness anxiety watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction draft
C01zXz Hyperactivity krueger2021 Identity in: externalizing draft
C020XA Disorganization krueger2021 Identity in: externalizing draft
F001Hw General Factor of Psychopathology hitop_wm, kotov2017, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
O002sP Tier Structural schema class (tier vocabulary), not a domain-specific HiTOP concept excluded
P001Y2 Somatoform hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards draft
P002nf Internalizing hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds; partial overlap only in: emotional-dysfunction ("Negative emotionality") draft
P003SL Thought Disorder hitop_wm, kotov2017, kotov2020, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, psychosis, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
P004R1 Detachment hitop_wm, kotov2017, kotov2020, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, psychosis, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
P005xY Disinhibited Externalizing hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
P006gM Antagonistic Externalizing hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
S0013h Externalizing hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021 Identity in: working-model, externalizing draft
S002SE Emotional dysfunction watson2022 Identity in: emotional-dysfunction draft
S003TB Psychosis kotov2020 Identity in: psychosis draft
T007eM Anxiousness hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, dzpg-mds draft
T008mD Emotional lability hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, dzpg-mds draft
T0094I Hostility hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, dzpg-mds draft
T00A0Z Perseveration hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T00BXK (low) Restricted affectivity hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model; partial overlap only in: dzpg-mds ("Restricted affectivity"), psychosis ("Emotional detachment") draft
T00Cgy Separation insecurity hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction draft
T00D42 Submissiveness hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction draft
T00Eht Identity problems hitop_wm, kotov2017, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
T00Fe0 Negative relationships hitop_wm, kotov2017, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
T00G3d Fragility hitop_wm, kotov2017, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
T00HCy Ineptitude hitop_wm, kotov2017, kerber2024 Identity in: working-model, bass-ackwards draft
T00IAT (low) Invulnerability hitop_wm, kotov2017, kerber2024 Identity in: working-model, bass-ackwards draft
T00ua9 Eccentricity hitop_wm, kotov2017, kotov2020 Identity in: working-model, psychosis draft
T00vjR Cognitive dysregulation hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T00wk6 Unusual beliefs and experiences hitop_wm, kotov2017, kotov2020, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, psychosis, dzpg-mds draft
T00xLn Fantasy proneness hitop_wm, kotov2017, kotov2020 Identity in: working-model, psychosis draft
T00yfU Depressivity hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction draft
T00zDk Intimacy avoidance hitop_wm, kotov2017, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, dzpg-mds; partial overlap only in: psychosis ("Romantic disinterest") draft
T010c6 Suspiciousness hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021 Identity in: working-model, externalizing draft
T011K6 Withdrawal hitop_wm, kotov2017, kotov2020, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, psychosis, dzpg-mds draft
T012QL Interpersonal passivity hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T013F1 Disaffiliativeness hitop_wm, kotov2017, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, dzpg-mds draft
T014BA (low) Attention seeking hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T015o8 Problematic impulsivity hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, dzpg-mds draft
T016k0 Irresponsibility hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021 Identity in: working-model, externalizing draft
T0177S Theft hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021 Identity in: working-model, externalizing draft
T018ir Distractibility hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, dzpg-mds; partial overlap only in: externalizing ("Inattention") draft
T019Cj Risk taking hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, dzpg-mds draft
T01A5i (low) Rigid perfectionism hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model; partial overlap only in: externalizing ("(Low) Perfectionism") draft
T01BfQ (low) Ruminative deliberation hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T01C1W (low) Workaholism hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021 Identity in: working-model, externalizing draft
T01Neb Impatient urgency hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T01OY2 (low) Planful control hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T01PMW (low) Dependability hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T01QNN Alienation hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T01RYG Boredom proneness hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T01SYW Blame externalization hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T01T3u (low) Honesty hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T01UGN Rebelliousness hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T01VXq (low) Empathy hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T01W1E Excitement seeking hitop_wm, kotov2017, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, dzpg-mds draft
T01XQi Attention seeking hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021 Identity in: working-model, externalizing draft
T01Y7w Callousness hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021 Identity in: working-model, externalizing draft
T01Ziz Deceitfulness hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, dzpg-mds draft
T01a7u Grandiosity hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, dzpg-mds draft
T01bz7 Manipulativeness hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, dzpg-mds draft
T01cX5 Rudeness hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021 Identity in: working-model, externalizing draft
T01d9I Egocentricity hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T01eG6 Dominance hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021 Identity in: working-model, externalizing draft
T01fc8 Flirtatiousness hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T01gKP (low) Timorousness hitop_wm, kotov2017 Identity in: working-model draft
T01hQc Anhedonia (Trait) hitop_wm, kotov2017, kotov2020, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, psychosis, dzpg-mds draft
T021iZ Perceptual dysregulation hitop_wm, kotov2017, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, dzpg-mds draft
U0012Y Sexual Problems hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction draft
U002SC Eating Pathology hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
U0036N Fear hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
U004dm Distress hitop_wm, kotov2017, watson2022, kerber2024, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards, dzpg-mds draft
U0050q Mania hitop_wm, kotov2017, kotov2020, watson2022, kerber2024 Identity in: working-model, psychosis, emotional-dysfunction, bass-ackwards draft
U0061L Harmful Substance Use hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, dzpg-mds draft
U007EJ Antisocial Behavior hitop_wm, kotov2017, krueger2021, woelke2025 Identity in: working-model, externalizing, dzpg-mds draft

6. Rules for new entries

  1. Every row in Part B MUST describe exactly one HiTOP code, and every code in the canonical ontology MUST have exactly one row, including while its status is pending.
  2. A citation_key MUST be created in Part A before it is used in Part B.
  3. Rows are never deleted without explanation. When attribution changes, update Note and status; Git history preserves the review trail.
  4. When a concept combines multiple sources, all relevant citation_key values MUST be recorded, not only the latest one.
  5. If no appropriate external source exists for a structural helper concept, set status: excluded and record the reason in Note.